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hi i'm kaido sale i'm interested in

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origin life and here's my picture so you

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can match me talking today i will talk

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about my research about liquid carbon

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dioxide and experiments about

6
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dissolution and distribution of

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inorganics into liquid co2

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to start with i would like to talk about

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the liquid state of co2

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generally co2 is known to take gas state

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and cells form which you use to keep

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your food freezing

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but if you give enough pressure co2

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turns into liquid

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this is the phase diagram of co2 and you

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can see in what temperature and pressure

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this movie on the right is showing

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liquid co2 pouring inside the container

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this is what it looks like for those who

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have not seen liquid phase of co2 before

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it is colorless and transparent just

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one of the special characteristics of

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liquid co2 is its hydrophobicity

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it is known to dissolve less than one

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percent of water

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as a result it forms two layers of

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liquid just like oil and water

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as it is shown in the photograph here

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now some of you might be wondering how

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oil-like liquid co2 relate to ocean life

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at all so let's move on to where we can

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the existence of liquid co2 in natural

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is limitedly reported

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it was found near hydrosomal vent at

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okinotrov mayan arc and one in

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norwegian's ocean

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the clip from google earth is showing

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you the coordinates

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next the mechanism of how liquid co2

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reservoir is formed is shown as a

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diagram

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geothermal heat makes fluid mix of

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supplied seawater and magma

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as the fluid flows upwards the decrease

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in temperature and pressure leads to

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phase separation

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and co2 accumulates under sediment

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since liquid co2 is known to possess

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unique oil-like features unlike

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surrounding seawater-based fluid this

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fluid may act as a solvent for

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hydrophobic salute which probably

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completion different from the

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surrounding

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however due to lack of observation made

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to this underwater co2 reservoir and not

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much experimental research conducted

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about liquid co2 in natural environment

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so

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now that i have talked about hydrophobic

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nature of liquid co2 and how it's formed

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in the subsurface around hydrosome

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events

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i want to go over how hydrosomal vents

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is important to origin of life

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hydrosol vent is suggested to be one of

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the plausible environments for origin of

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life and that is because it supplies

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heat continuously and there is water all

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around it for chemical reactions to

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happen

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and those reactions include

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electrochemical equilibrium between

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thermal fluid sea water through minerals

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and also production of organic cir water

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rock reactions

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however there are problems needed to be

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solved

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as an example since hydrosomal event is

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underwater and everywhere around this

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aqueous reactions like condensation is

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thermodynamically unstable as well as

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other hydrophobic molecules

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so we thought what if liquid co2 worked

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as a reserve for hydrophobic molecules

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interestingly theoretical calculations

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suggest the existence of liquid co2 in

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hadian ocean

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higher concentration of co2 in the early

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earth makes this possible to happen

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liquid co2 may have a role in elemental

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transfer

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or is over in the early ocean as it

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possessed completely different features

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to sea water

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but again elemental transfer between

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liquid co2 and natural materials focused

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on the early earth is limitedly reported

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for most of data about liquid co2 is

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taken for industrial purposes

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therefore we decided to find about the

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solution and distribution of elements

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experimentally

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first we have to construct our own

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extraction system for liquid co2 and

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then we conducted experiments using the

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system

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today i will share about the result of

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two experiments

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first we focused on major elements that

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exist in modern seawater

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all of them being important element to

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earth and all living cells and animals

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second we focus on heavy metals

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particularly those found in chimneys of

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hydrosomal vents

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some of those metals are found to form

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organometallic complex that are known to

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be soluble to co2

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and also they are used inside cells

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binding on proteins

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our objective here is to know about

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lucas co2 as a solvent and elucidate

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that rho it had in hadith ocean

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so first we tried to study the elemental

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transfer of measured eons in seawater to

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liquid co2

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we prepared artificial seawater from

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chemical reagents containing major ears

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of modern seawater

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then sea water was poured into this

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reactor as it shows the photograph

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and then the reaction was so tight and

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liquid co2 was supported through its

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ball so pressure was about five to six

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megapascal

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seawater and liquid co2 were mixed for

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one day using magnetic stroller and left

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for one day to stabilize

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and it is technically difficult to

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analyze this liquid co2 as a solvent

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because it vaporizes in atmospheric

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pressure

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and it's solvent that is not popular so

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we decided to collect the solute by

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extracting the liquid co2 into another

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co tube

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this tube was depressurized so the

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difference in pressure automatically

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moved liquid co2 from the tube

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the tube was opened slowly

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so gas shield 2 would not burst out and

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then pure water it was injected in the

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tube and left out for 30 minutes to

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collect the elements left behind by co2

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finally water was collected and analyzed

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by ian chromatography

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the result is shown here

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and

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the graph of y-axis shows the solubility

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of elements in co2 with unit of molar

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fraction multiplied by 1000 and x shows

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the number of extractions where we have

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to extract liquid co2 from the reactor

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multiple times

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multiple extraction had to be done to

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exclude the effect of small drops of

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water left in the tube

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contaminating when co2 was extracted

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from outside

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so the plot shown here which is

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six sevens in ace extraction

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the concentration stabilized which we

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think that was successful in excluding

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any contamination of small drops of

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water

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now from this result sodium and

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magnesium seems to be rather insoluble

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to liquid co2 with very low solubility

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potassium in calcium was not detected at

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all the concentration ratio of sodium

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and magnesium in liquid co2 is lysis

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ratio in seawater which suggests that

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this solubility is resembling seawater

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and maybe potassium calcium could be

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detected if concentration was higher in

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the accuracy solution of seawater

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so we thought there should be difference

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based on their elementary properties

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because likeliness to form complex with

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co2 is probably different by these

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elemental properties so by using aqua

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solution with higher concentration

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we might be able to find out about this

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but as for now we conclude that

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distribution of major elements in

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seawater from liquid co2

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is very small

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next i will explain about dissolution of

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heavy metals in liquid co2 this time i

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used chimney samples from hydrosome

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event that was powdered

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in previous study liquid co2 was found

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near these hydrosol vents at okinawa

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trough

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before the experiment we had to change

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the parts of the reactor to make the

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them corrosion resistant

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since the reactor itself was made from

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stainless steel which contains heavy

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metal itself

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and those heavy metals could be detected

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in the extraction service solution

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after adjusting the reactor powdered

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chimney samples were put into glass

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vials that went into the reactor

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then liquid co2 was poured into the

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reactor

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and they're

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stabilized for one day

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elementary recovered using these tubes

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as previous experience did and analyzed

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by icp oes

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the analyze elements are shown in

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colored squares those that were not

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detected at all is shown gray and those

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that were detected in any of the samples

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are shown in orange

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so these are some resultants experiment

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the red circle implies the concentration

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of the element found in liquid co2 while

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triangle and diamond implied controls

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before and after the extraction of

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element

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if the red circle is above both controls

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we defined that to be dissolved

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and elements on analyzed silver calcium

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copper iron magnesium nickel and zinc

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were detected from at least one of the

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chimney samples

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these elements are classified as

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transition metals which is known to form

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a complex more than other elements

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suggesting that dissolution might have

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happened due to forming complex with co2

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next results show

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elements that were constantly detected

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from liquid co2 extraction samples

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regardless of chimney powders

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we think that these elements were

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dissolved in liquid co2 from the tank

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they are classified as boron group which

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is known to form complex with alkali

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eons co2 may have formed a complex by

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being the alkyl form two three two minus

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so

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according to the result from this

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research

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liquid co2 seems to dissolve low amount

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of simple elements from the chimney or

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distribute major ians from seawater

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it suggests that zco2 might provide low

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metal environment in the hadiya neon of

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the ocean

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providing unique environment for

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probiotic chemistry as a reserve and

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reaction solvent

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further experiments on various solutes

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and analysis of liquid co2 near

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hydrosomal vent in today's ocean

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is needed to elucidate the row of liquid

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co2 as a solvent

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so for future works we must conduct

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experiments with longer time force even

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though low solubility was observed we do

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not know the reaction time was enough to

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reach equilibrium

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also we are working on to analyze the

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solubility of organic molecules such as

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amino acids in liquid co2 so we hope to

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report that in future research

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so that's all for my research

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and these are the people